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I/O Intermediate

Deprecated URL constructors to URI

Parse and compose resource identifiers as URI values before converting to URL when necessary.

I/O HTTP Migration
Code Comparison
✕ Deprecated URL constructor 
URL endpoint =
    new URL("https://example.com/api?q=java");
✓ Java 20+ 
URI endpointUri =
    URI.create("https://example.com/api?q=java");
URL endpoint = endpointUri.toURL();
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Why the modern way wins
✅

Avoids deprecation

Removes use of deprecated URL constructors.

🧠

Predictable semantics

URI comparison does not perform network-dependent resolution.

🧩

Better composition

URI is designed for parsing and manipulating identifiers.

Old Approach
Direct URL construction
Modern Approach
URI then URL
Since JDK
20
Difficulty
Intermediate
JDK Support
Deprecated URL constructors to URI
Available

URL constructors deprecated since JDK 20 (March 2023)

How it works

URL constructors were deprecated in JDK 20 because URL parsing and equality have surprising protocol-handler behavior. URI is the preferred immutable representation for parsing, composition, comparison, and normalization; convert only at APIs that require URL.

Related Documentation
URI ↗ URL ↗
Proof
View proof source ↗
Related patterns
I/O Beginner

Modern HTTP client

Java 8
URL url = new URL("https://api.com/data");
HttpURLConnection con =
    (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
con.setRequestMethod("GET");
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(
    new InputStreamReader(con.getInputStream()));
// read lines, close streams...
Java 11+
var client = HttpClient.newHttpClient();
var request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
    .uri(URI.create("https://api.com/data"))
    .build();
var response = client.send(
    request, BodyHandlers.ofString());
String body = response.body();
Hover to see modern ➜
JDK 11+ →
I/O Beginner

Path.of() factory

Java 8
Path path = Paths.get("src", "main",
    "java", "App.java");
Java 11+
var path = Path.of("src", "main",
    "java", "App.java");
Hover to see modern ➜
JDK 11+ →
I/O Beginner

Reading files

Java 8
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
try (BufferedReader br =
    new BufferedReader(
        new FileReader("data.txt"))) {
    String line;
    while ((line = br.readLine()) != null)
        sb.append(line).append("\n");
}
String content = sb.toString();
Java 11+
String content =
    Files.readString(Path.of("data.txt"));
Hover to see modern ➜
JDK 11+ →